EduBeacon

Cryogenics   Cryo - very cold (frost) genics - to produce Cryogenics is the science and technology associated with generation of low temperature below 123 K. The branch of physics and engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures, how to produce them, and how material behave at those temperatures. History The development of cryogenics as a low temperature science is a direct result of attempts by 19th century scientists to liquefy the permanent gases. One of these scientists Michael Farady, had succeeded by 1845 in liquefying most of the gases. His procedure consisted of cooling the gas by immersion in a bath of ether and dry ice and then pressurizing the gas until it is liquified. The successful liquefaction of Oxygen was announced by physicist Louis Paul in 1877. Milestones in history of cryogenic technology - 1845 - Liquefaction by Farady 1848 - Absolute Zero by Lord Kelvin 1877 - Cailletet & Pictet liquefied oxygen 1883...

1.On June 4, 1974 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) began construction of the very first orbiter of the new Space Shuttle Program. The orbiter carried the designation OV-101 but was later planned to be named constitution. However, after NASA received hundreds of thousands of letters from avid fans of the TV show STAR TREK requesting the space shuttle to be named Enterprise. NASA officials decided to seek the president’s approval for the name change. Declassified White House documents reveal that president Gerald Ford approved the renaming of the Space Shuttle for this exact reason. Prior to the 1960s the title Integrated Launch and Reentry Vehicle, or ILRV, was used to describe a vehicle for traveling between a planet’s surface and space. However, soon after the shuttle craft was introduced in STAR TREK, NASA officials began using the term Space Shuttle to describe such a vehicle. 2. Inside the Eagle Nebula, some 7000 ly from Earth, there...

In 1997 the very first commercial was filmed in space abroad the Russian Space Station Mir. A prominent advertisement agency filmed the commercial for an Israeli diary company and features a cosmonaut abroad the station drinking the company’s milk. In 2001, the American fast food chain Pizza Hut sent a vacuum sealed pizza to the astronauts and cosmonauts abroad the ISS as a commercial stunt. However, something more interesting happened back in 1993. A company known as Space Marketing Inc. announced that they would launch a giant billboard into low-earth orbit. The 1 Km  billboard would have been made of a lightweight polyester film and if it had been launched it would’ve appeared to be as large and bright as the moon. The project never progressed due to concerns about space debris and an inability to attract adequate funding. But more importantly, it was faced by immense opposition from the public and scientific community which is completely understandable as...

Milky Way Galaxy. Home to planet Earth. The Milky Way is a part of a large group of galaxies known as the Local Group consisting of more than 54 gravitationally bound members. Most of them are quite small with the exception of Andromeda , the Milky Way and Triangulam . A few billion years into the future,these larger members will collide and eventually form a much larger galaxy nicknamed Milkdromeda . Now lets go much further into the future, about 100 billion years from now. Imagine that somewhere within Milkdromeda, a habitable planet gives rise to a civilization of intelligent beings much like ourselves. At some point they invent a powerful new telescope which will allow them to explore space beyond the galaxy. But as they peek through the telescope, they find nothing. Nothing but darkness and empty space. They come to understand that they exist within a seemingly endless and almost informationless void. Milkdromeda would appear to be a bastion of light in a sea ...

Classification of Fabrics Fabrics can be further classified as Natural and Synthetic Examples Colorful Nylon Spinnaker Polyester marine rope - less stretch than nylon - resist UV light Classification of Plastics Plastics can be further classified as - Thermoplastic Thermoset Elastomers Thermoplastics  - reversible in phase by heating and cooling. Solid phase at room temperature and liquid phase at elevated temperature. Thermosets - irreversible in phase by heating and cooling. Change to liquid phase when heated, then follow with an irreversible exothermic chemical reaction. Remain in solid phase subsequently. Elastomers - Rubbers Classification of Wood Wood can be further categorized as - Hardwood  Softwood Manufactured Board Classification of Ceramics Ceramics are compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements, examples include; O xides (alumina – insulation and abrasives, zirc...

Time Temperature Transformation TTT diagram stands for “time-temperature-transformation” diagram. It is also called isothermal transformation diagram TTT diagrams give the kinetics of isothermal transformations. TTT Diagram TTT Curves T (Time) T(Temperature) T(Transformation) diagram is a plot of temperature versus the logarithm of time for a steel alloy of definite composition.  It is used to determine when transformations begin and end for an isothermal (constant temperature) heat treatment of a previously austenitized alloy.  When austenite is cooled slowly to a temperature below LCT (Lower Critical Temperature), the structure that is formed is Pearlite.  As the cooling rate increases, the pearlite transformation temperature gets lower.  The microstructure of the material is significantly altered as the cooling rate increases. By heating and cooling a series of samples, the history of the austenite transformation may be recorded....