Cryogenics - Introduction and Applications
Cryogenics Cryo - very cold (frost) genics - to produce Cryogenics is the science and technology associated with generation of low temperature below 123 K. The branch of physics and engineering that involve the study of very low temperatures, how to produce them, and how material behave at those temperatures. History The development of cryogenics as a low temperature science is a direct result of attempts by 19th century scientists to liquefy the permanent gases. One of these scientists Michael Farady, had succeeded by 1845 in liquefying most of the gases. His procedure consisted of cooling the gas by immersion in a bath of ether and dry ice and then pressurizing the gas until it is liquified. The successful liquefaction of Oxygen was announced by physicist Louis Paul in 1877. Milestones in history of cryogenic technology - 1845 - Liquefaction by Farady 1848 - Absolute Zero by Lord Kelvin 1877 - Cailletet & Pictet liquefied oxygen 1883 - Liquef